This learning activity provides evidence-based guidance on cognitive health assessment and intervention across the aging continuum, emphasizing the critical distinction between normal age-related cognitive changes and pathological decline. The content covers systematic assessment approaches, current screening controversies including USPSTF and Canadian Task Force recommendations against routine screening of asymptomatic adults, and evidence-based interventions with particular emphasis on physical activity as the cornerstone protective factor and midlife cardiovascular management as the critical prevention window. Nurses will gain competency in implementing 150-minute weekly physical activity counseling, recognizing social isolation as a major risk factor, conducting culturally sensitive cognitive assessments, and coordinating interdisciplinary care while understanding the complexities of cognitive health promotion, early detection strategies, and family education needs essential for contemporary nursing practice with older adults.